Islam And Britain: Reflections On Mutualities
On the occasion of his retirement from the British Council, Dr Peter Clark celebrates the contribution of immigrant Muslims to Britain
(Summary of a lecture delivered to the Gulf Cultural Club on 13th May, 1999)

The British Council organised a large international conference (28-20 April 1999) which was attended by people from 36 countries. The topic of the conference was Mutualities: Britain and Islam.

My background has been very much in the Middle East and the Islamic world. I came back to Britain after 26 years in the Arab world. The British Council is the principle cultural organisation in Britain with offices in 109 countries and many Middle Eastern states. It was wanting to work out just how to position itself in relation to Muslims and a kind of Muslim assertiveness and awareness and they asked me to think about this and come up with ideas.

I did think about it and came with the idea of a conference. It seemed to me that often when British people think about Islam and Muslims there is a sense of polarisation. It struck me that a lot of this was quite wrong and there was an enormous amount of shared interests. I thought it was important to explore what I call the mutualities of the relationship, other than the polarities of the relationship.

Sixty years ago the then head of the British Council, Lord Lloyd, was instrumental in getting land for the Muslim community in London. He approached the Prime Minister for land from crown estates and acquired a plot of land by Regent's Park which is the course of time developed into the Islamic Cultural Centre and the Regent's Park Mosque. This was related to a reciprocal act in Cairo where the Egyptian government provided land for a church which became the Anglican cathedral. Here is a lovely example of what I call mutualities. The British cultural organisation being involved in the promotion of Islamic cultural activities in London. That struck me as one example of what I call mutualities.

There were others. For 400 years Britain has developed has extraordinary resources in Islamic studies. From the 16th and 17th century documents and artifacts were brought back from the Islamic world through India and have enriched the British museum and private libraries. Muslims come from all over the Islamic world to study aspects of Islam in Britain. This struck me as another example of this mutuality.

A third area was the financial side. The colossal investment of money from the Islamic world. It is very difficult to put a figure on it. And it struck me that this was an example of confidence of Muslims throughout the Islamic worked in the institutions and the stability of Britain.

A fourth area is the community relations in this country. There have been very conscientious efforts to be aware of new communities in Britain. Sometimes things haven't worked out and there have been disappointments and frustrations. But at the same time therehave been enormous efforts to minimise conflict.

I thought the contrast with France and Germany was interesting. Things work differently there but I thought it would be useful to examine the way in which Britain, and the British muslim communities had operated.

I think one of the most interesting documents in this area was the Runnymead Trust's report on Islamaphobia and this was a major document looking at things that had gone wrong with Britain and Muslims and it addressed a number of problems from employment to media coverage and education. What I liked about it was the number of people in this country who were willing to be critical and examine things that were going wrong with recommendations about how to put those things right. I think the Runnymead Trust report on islamaphobia is something that Britain can be proud of.

Until three days I was a public servant and I also got the interest of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, in particular the late very much lamented Derek Fatchett took a personal interest in the whole business of mutualities. Like you, I was devastated by his death at the weekend. He was a wonderful man who was a very good listener and very conscientious. But he was personally interested and I got financial support from the Foreign Office.

We held the conference from the April 28th-30th in the Royal Commonwealth Society. That was a handy place. There are quite a number of very important countries full of Muslims who are in the Commonwealth like India, Bangladesh, Pakistan as well as countries like Nigeria. So it was very good to have it there. It gave another emphasis to the conference. Through my contacts overseas I got a lot of people from overseas including the president of Mauritius. He was keen to come along and make a presentation.

The interest in the conference developed enormously in the last month. This was embarrassing as I had to contain the numbers to about 100 or so and in the last week or two I had the interest of the Saudi Arabia Minister of Justice, who came with his deputy a senior Judge as did Professor Hashim the President of Al Azhar. One other person that I was keen to have was Tariq Saif Ramadan, the grandson of Hassan Al Bana, a very interesting thinker and writer on contemporary Islam in Europe.

Over the last two years when I started working on this conference I had some difficulty establishing who could speak for British Muslims. It is always difficult for an outsider. Sometimes you think there must be someone who can speak for them like the chief rabbi can speak for the Jews or the Archbishop of Canterbury can speak for the Anglicans.

And of course the idea that there is no intermediary between oneself and God gives the feeling that everyone is a Muslim authority. However over the last 18 months I have been very interested in the development of the Muslim Council for Britain which is attempting to be an umbrella organisation representing Muslims. I received some extremely good advise and help from Imam Abdul Jalil Sajid who is I am sure well known to many of you and active in all sorts of good works. He is consulted by the government on matters.

That was the background. I then worked out a programme. I was keen to look at issues like education, investment, community relations. These were covered over the three days of the conference.

We had people from 36 different countries and representatives from all over the Islamic world, South Asia, India and Pakistan and Bangladesh from South-East Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia from Africa, Tanzania and Nigeria, from Europe and we also had some European and American converts to Islam. So it was quite a representative international conference. I think about 120 participated altogether. So the range was considerable. It would have been nice to have had even more but there were constraints of space. Indeed a few days before theconference started I had to turn people away. They were people of the highest distinction. It was quite embarrassing. But I had to avoid chaos.

The conference was covered in the press. There were good articles in Al Hayat, in Al Sharq Al Awsat and also in The Independent. I know that news of the conference reached very widely. The Prime Minister, Robin Cook and Jack Straw knew about it. So there was a wide awareness of the conference. The people who I call the stars were really very good. President Orteen gave a paper on Mauritius as a secular state and the importance of Mauritius being a secular state. It was a population of about 1.2 million: Chinese, Hindus, Muslims, Christians and there is no community that is dominant. The president cheerfully involves himself in the celebrations of every community. When we heard this we all wanted to go down to the travel agent and book our holiday to Mauritius. It seemed a very civilised and pleasant place. One thing I did not know about Mauritius was that it was almost totally deserted until the early 18th century. It was gradually inhabited by people from Africa and migrants from India. So there are no original Mauritians. It is a country almost totally of immigrants over the last 300 years.

Princess Serwa of Jordan was marvellous. I think it was her first appearance since the death of King Hussein and she was a little nervous and anxious but she gave a fantastic performance. There was something particularly appropriate in her appearing. I mentioned how Lord Lloyd was involved in the setting up of the Islamic Cultural Centre. Princess Serwa's grandfather was Hassan Surwati, who was the Muslim adviser to the Secretary of State of State for India in the 1930s. He was the principal Muslim public servant in Britain. He was also one of the people involved in the setting up of the Islamic Cultural Centre in London. So it was happily appropriate that his grand daughter was one of the stars of this conference.

One other key speaker who was extremely good was Iqbal Ahmed Khan the head of Islamic banking in HSBC. He talked about the inward flow of investment which is enormous. There are investments in banks, assets, a huge amount of property in which people from the Islamic world have invested and other business interests. This was something that was new to a lot of us. For example the Welcome Drake Chain of motorway cafes is an investment from Bahrain. Other things are better known like Al Fayed's Harrods and the London Hilton Hotel which is an investment from the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority. There is a huge amount of investment from the Islamic world in the private sector in this country. His contribution was fascinating.

Tariq Ramadhan talked about how it is important for Muslims to take advantage of European and British culture. Something like 95 percent of what is available is perfectly acceptable for a conservative Muslim like himself.

Another start I think was Tim Winter a youngish British convert who teaches Islamic studies at the University of Cambridge. Tim talked about aspects of Islamic going back 300 - 400 years in this country. There has been interest in Islamic ideas among British or English theologians in the 17 and 18th centuries and how there was an influence on the writings of Blake who used certain Islamic imagery. This was again a reminder that there is nothing new or alien about Islam in Britain.

The conference as a whole was enjoyable, it was hard work, there was a high level of participation. I hope those who were there can vouch for this. There was hardly a dull moment. It was full of good humour. There was no sense of polarisation or paranoia, there was no sense that anyone was being manipulated. I think it was also very good for networking. The sessions outside the formal sessions were busy. It was difficult to get people back to the plenary session. People were chatting, getting to know each other. I was quite moved by one thing that Sheikh Ezideen, Cultural Adviser to Sheikh Zayed in Abu Dhabi said when he pointed out that you have not only brought Muslims and non-Muslims together, you have also brought Muslims and Muslims together.

The final session which I arranged was what next. My own feeling and that of my colleagues is that conferences are very good but they should not just give birth to other conferences. It was very important to turn the whole idea of mutuality into something more concrete, activity. I have for a long time felt that there is skill and expertise among British Muslims. I sometimes draw attention to the fact that the Muslim, Nasser Hussein, has captained England at cricket. Last November he captained England in Australia. He was vice-president of the tour, but he captained a number of the games. There is nothing to prevent a Muslim from reaching any area of distinction in this country. And something like cricket is very conservative and inward looking. Yet a Muslim can be a captain and he has been tipped as possible captain of England. He was already captain of Essex which is not the most open of counties.

Again another Muslim who has achieved enormous distinction and a lot of people are not aware that he is a Muslim is Abdel Kadhir Ferah who was for many years the chief designer for the Royal Shakespeare Company. I noticed years ago the name Ferah on the programmes of the Royal Shakespeare Company. It was only relatively recently when I met him at a party I realised that he was in fact an Algerian who had been in this country for over thirty years. Again the Royal Shakespeare Company was something very British, very English and yet again a Muslim was a leading part of that.

In addition one of the things that I was interested in and have been asking people about is where have British Muslims achieved distinction. British Muslims perhaps are three percentof the total country. In what areas is there a greater than 3 percent representation?

The answers I get are small business, in the professions (law and medicine) in sport. I mentioned Nasser Hussein. There is also Prince Nazeem the boxer and Chris Ubank. There are others of an Islamic background like Fatima Whitbread who comes from a Turkish Cypriot background.

I hardly need to mention to anyone in this room that London has become a major media capital of the world, for both the Arab and Islamic press. Any aspiring journalist in the Arab world wishes to work in London. There are an increasing number of Muslims who are prominent in the mainstream press like Kamal Ahmed, Miss Badawi, the television presenter.

Muslims are also found in local government, where they have achieved a disproportionate impact. I am aware also, and it is brought to my attention, that British Muslims include people below the poverty line. I think this is not so much because they are Muslims but because of class. There are plenty of British non-Muslims who are below the poverty line.

But if you look at the nature of migration into any country very often the first generation and perhaps the second generation are low down in the socio-economic peak order. But after two or three generations it works out quite levelly. If you look at Britain 80 years ago Jews were below the poverty line. This was because they were first generation migrants but in the course of time that evened out.

As a first or a second generation migrant you haven't built up all the networks and the culture of being able to do well. Individuals can do well and have done well, but in the mass I think the disadvantaged nature of Muslims is because of class rather than because of any other reason.

But I will repeat again that the Muslims have had a disproportionate impact in a number of professions and a number of areas. I feel that an organisation like the British Council, which I worked for for 31 years until last Monday and have passed this on to my former colleagues. We should look at the expertise of British Muslims and use them as part of our presentation of Britain overseas.

There are other areas of mutual interest in addition to those which I have already mentioned like banking training. The British Council gets involved in a lot of training for people from overseas. Islamic banking training is a growth area. Harvard has a special course in Islamic banking. There is a course at the University of Lothborough which is worked out with the Islamic Foundation in Leicester. But there are a lot of problems and issues. I think this is an area where an Organisation like the British Council can become involved. Where can one link the interest overseas to the expertise that may exist in this country.

Another area of mutual interest is the English language. I am told that on the pilgrimage the language is the English language. The signs are in Arabic and English but the language youhear most , the language that is most used between officials and pilgrims is English. Being a non-Muslim I have no way of verifying this. You may say that is true or it is a load of nonsense. I would be interested in your comments on this.

But again English has become an auxiliary language for Islam. Of course Arabic is the language of the Koran. But only about 25 - 30 percent of the world's Muslims are Arabs. Huge areas such as South Asia and Africa as well as other parts of the world may have English as the second language rather than Arabic. Arabic is a kind of liturgical language but English is a significant langauge for Islam.

These are the areas I have suggested to my former colleagues at the British Council to look at and work more with the British Muslim community more.

I think the timing for the conference, which attracted an enormous amount of interest, was right. I think the action in Kosovo has united an interest of Britons in a very tragic way. The Muslims have a strong sense of pain over what is happening in Kosovo and this pain is shared by a lot of people in this country.

I think also the timing of the developments in the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) which hosted the Prime Minister on May 5th with Jack Straw and Sir Patrick Condon for a party. I was privileged to be invited. It was really a very moving occasion. Cherie Blair was wearing a "sharwal khamise" which went down extremely well. Clearly there was a tremendous overlap of interests and the present government is listening to people. It is keen to include everybody. As one cynical political commentator put it, it is a big tent and Tony Blair wants everybody to be in the big tent. But it does mean that he is trying to associate British Muslims with the government. And the government's move, the development of the MCB was part of the timing of the conference.

Emma Nicholson who was involved in the final session which she chaired said something extremely interesting. She said that tolerance is something rather negative. You tolerate something but you may prefer that it wasn't there. But you are being very noble in tolerating something. Whereas the concept of mutualities goes far beyond that. You are working together, building up partnerships. And I think the conference was emphasising that togetherness.I would see the conference and other things that have been developing, the timeliness of it all as a celebration of Muslims as part of the mosaic of modern Britain.